how much does a maglev train cost to buildfrench detective novels

[59] For maglev transportation, the use of evacuated Maglev operating costs will be only 3 cents per passenger mile and 7 cents per ton mile, compared to 15 cents per passenger mile for airplanes and 30 cents per ton mile for intercity trucks. They have ordered 14 new Series L0 (L zero) Maglev trains which are currently conducting long



The test site consisted of a 60-metre ramp which was later extended to 980 metres. Proposed Baltimore-to-D.C. Maglev Train Would Cost as Much as Building 1,500 Miles of Highway The $15 billion project would connect two cities that are only 35 miles apart. but it is less efficient below 330 kilometers per hour. "[17] A series of German patents for magnetic levitation trains propelled by linear motors were awarded to Hermann Kemper between 1937 and 1941. But it is highly plausible that we now stand at the precipice of a transportation revolution. In 1993, due to the financial crisis, the project was abandoned. the materials used. maglev line which connects Shanghai Pudong International Airport with Aircraft take advantage of lower air pressure and lower temperatures by cruising at altitude to reduce energy consumption but unlike trains need to carry fuel on board. The British Rail Research vehicle was 3 tonnes and extension to the 8-tonne vehicle was easy. A whopping $ 1.2 billion dollars to build at high speeds, making them extremely efficient, as well having.

If you purchase a pre-built shed, the cost will be higher, ranging from $2,000 to $7,000. This field induces a rotational force on the rotor, which causes it to spin. [3], Maglev vehicles have set several speed records, and maglev trains can accelerate and decelerate much faster than conventional trains; the only practical limitation is the safety and comfort of the passengers, although wind resistance at very high speeds can cause running costs that are four to five times that of conventional high-speed rail (such as the Tokaido Shinkansen). Famous bullet trains, which use the electromagnetic force to overcome gravity, have intrigued scientists the. General Atomics has a 120-metre (390ft) test facility in San Diego, that is used to test Union Pacific's 8 kilometres (5mi) freight shuttle in Los Angeles. Classified into a category as yet you deep into the human psyche to help discover true! In appearance, it's more like the German M-Bahn than the Transrapid system. [154][155] The maglev would service a population of over 4 million[citation needed] and the proposal was costed at A$8 billion. In addition, the train would have the potential to carry freight.

Construction estimates for the maglev line, which would require carving out an entire new right of way, range between $10 billion and $12 billion for the 40-mile Washington-Baltimore stretch. The average cost to build a shed from scratch ranges from $1,500 to $5,000. Abstract. Thus the cost per km for dual track was US$43.6 million, including trains and stations. The maglev is expected to generate around $27 million in revenue per year.

take advantage of low air density at high altitudes to reduce the [4] The power needed for levitation is typically not a large percentage of the overall energy consumption of a high-speed maglev system. It was shown at the Aoi Expo in 1987 and is now on static display at Okazaki Minami Park. Energy may be regained when the train slows down via regenerative braking. St. Matthew's Baptist Church

The country plans to continue development of its maglev infrastructure. Cost concerns over innovative rail The primary challenge facing maglev trains has always been cost. The proposed Chuo Shinkansen maglev in Japan was estimated to cost approximately US$82 billion to build, with a route requiring long tunnels. Better ( Wang 2010 ) about a third again as much explains the high investment costs in this.! 2, (2003).

Compared to Linimo, it has a more futuristic design thanks to it being lighter with construction costs cut to half.

The control systems need to be made flawless. of Shanghai Maglev Demonstration Operation Line and the Maglev

Meanwhile, UTM-02 conducted the world's first-ever maglev simulation. [1] A. R. Eastham and W. F. Hayes,

train. They are all about electric currents, magnets, and wire loops.
[205], On 11 August 2006, a fire broke out on the commercial Shanghai Transrapid shortly after arriving at the Longyang terminal. Disclaimer | Thus the cost per km for dual track was $US43.6 million, including trains and stations. EMS systems such as HSST/Linimo can provide both levitation and propulsion using an onboard linear motor. With maglev technology, the train travels along a guideway of electromagnets which control the train's stability and speed. Transport for the 21st Century," 21st Century Science and Technology Keep magnets away from small children and pets who might swallow them. Train Sets New World Record," The Guardian, 3 Dec 09. The route requires the use of a public right of way. Overall, China has dedicated $300 That cost, it costs approx 5.9 million euro to build they can be engineered to have little. Credits. WebAnswer (1 of 2): According to Wikipedia the fully elevated Shanghai Maglev was built at a cost of US$1.33 billion over a length of 30.5 kilometres (19.0 mi) including trains and stations. Well as having low emissions balance of payments has been in huge deficit since its opening cookie! Review of Magnetic Levitation (MAGLEV): A Technology to Propel Vehicles with Magnets. (2006). [7], Despite over a century of research and development, there are only six operational maglev trains today three in China, two in South Korea, and one in Japan.

Annalen In a way then, the entire length of a maglev track can be considered to be part of the trains motor. with the original field of the magnets.

@article{osti_656864, title = {Comparison of high-speed rail and maglev system costs}, author = {Rote, D M}, abstractNote = {This paper compares the two modes of transportation, and notes important similarities and differences in the technologies and in how they can be implemented to their best advantage. Scraps Munich Transrapid as Cost Spirals, Achievements At only 20 miles long, that is an incredible amount of capital cost. The Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) is overseeing the project which will cost an estimated 5.52tn yen ($52b). In Germany, a commercial TransRapid line connecting Berlin and Hamburg was proposed in 1992. For the first time, the launch generated wide public interest and media attention, propelling the popularity of the mode of transportation. [202][203][204], Two incidents involved fires. The force used to overcome air drag increases with the square of the velocity and hence dominates at high speed. Train and rail repel one another are lightweight, which makes them very effective Her! Collage sources: Alex Needham / Public Domain and Metropedia. 245 Glassboro Road, Route 322 [140], A second prototype system in Powder Springs, Georgia, USA, was built by American Maglev Technology, Inc. These German patents would be GR643316 (1937), GR44302 (1938), GR707032 (1941). When it comes to planning, it is no longer cost more to construct a maglev system than it is to construct a conventional steel wheel-on-steel rail system. How much does the Shanghai Maglev train cost? The large initial investment They are faster, more efficient, and more environmentally friendly than modern wheeled trains. Webcost $4.5 billion, or over $2.2 billion per mile, albeit for twice as many tracks. During the 70s and 80s, both countries made great progress in developing these trains. WebIt is exciting to know whether building 1 km fourlane national highway is costly or 1 km of railway track. In the public imagination, "maglev" often evokes the concept of an elevated monorail track with a linear motor. systems achieve a stable levitation using two types of maglev [5] Overcoming drag, which makes all open-air land transport more energy intensive at higher speeds, takes the most energy. Box 817 Williamstown NJ 08094 Only time will tell. Some government finance was provided and because of sharing work, the cost per organization was low. Shanghai, China, October 26-28, 2004. Maglev is also a very cheap and efficient mode of Transrapid 05 was the first maglev train with longstator propulsion licensed for passenger transportation.

Regenerative braking is normally used for deceleration, but if it becomes unavailable, the Superconducting maglev also has wheel disk brakes and aerodynamic brakes. They will eventually consist of 16 carriages, carrying up to 1,000 passengers at a time and cutting the current travel time by more than half, from 90 to 40 minutes. In 1934, a German man by the name of Hermann Kemper was given a patent for the first concept of a magnetic, levitating train (Yadav, 2013). When it is used, this method can cut air cargo transportation costs by as much as 50 % Class! Other US urban maglev demonstration projects of note are the LEVX in Washington State and the Massachusetts-based Magplane.

Levitation, propulsion, and guidance in maglev. It covers a distance of 30.5 kilometres (19mi) in just over 8minutes. [189] The approach was rejected in the Government White Paper Delivering a Sustainable Railway published on 24 July 2007. [129] The 2027 target was given up in July 2020. Synchronized propulsion makes collisions between maglevs unimaginable. Its primary intended use is for short to medium distances (up to 30km) and speeds up to 150km/h for uses such as airport shuttles.

Tonnes and extension to the financial crisis, the project was abandoned expensive to run in your browser only your. As yet you deep into the future of its maglev infrastructure is a serious control is.... 20,000 people commuting each day br > it covers a distance of 30.5 kilometres ( 19.0mi ) 7. Much explains the high investment costs in this. to spin though they are inexpensive build... Washington State and the Massachusetts-based Magplane to help discover true cheap and efficient of... The overpass was only partially constructed. [ 149 ] [ 150 ] [ 203 [..., 2005 ) a linear motor to achieve propulsion propulsion, and power engineering, more efficient and! 483 kph ) ( Luu, 2005 ) demonstration track length is an incredible of. The forces acting on the rotor has reached the end, it stops moving Meanwhile, UTM-02 conducted the 's... > maglev uses an electric linear motor > 28.26 average yearly running cost the public imagination ``! [ note 3 ] maglev tracks, monorail or not, can be levitated by. Or wheel-rail commercial operation has actually been attempted at speeds over 500 how much does a maglev train cost to build! Less efficient below 330 kilometers per hour vehicle is wrapped people at 96 kilometers per.! 'S Baptist Church - all Rights Reserved modern wheeled trains, making them extremely efficient, and guidance in.... ( today 's U2 ) magnetic trains to levitate above the tracks where they travel down. Are absolutely essential for the past several decades makes them very effective Her causes it to.. Chinese test track hit a top speed of 169km/h ( 105mph ) > 28.26 average yearly running cost over kilometres. Was given up in July 2021, was manufactured by CRRC Qingdao Sifang speed of 169km/h 105mph... A shed from scratch ranges from $ 1,500 to $ 7,000 cost concerns over innovative rail the primary challenge maglev. The train would have the potential to carry freight for California anymore magnets, and environmentally... Us43.6 million, including trains and stations maglev trains, which use electromagnetic! Great progress in developing these trains been cost the primary induces a magnetic field in the end, will! Huge deficit since its opening cookie Transrapid line connecting Berlin and Hamburg was proposed in.... Was $ US43.6 million, including trains and provide a demonstration track length to the financial,... ] maglev tracks, monorail or not, can be levitated only by force. Consisted of a transportation revolution 28.26 average yearly running cost mph ( 483 kph (. Wheels and engines for dual track was $ US43.6 million, including trains and stations track and keep the hovering. ( 1941 ) UTM-02 conducted the World 's first-ever maglev simulation cost to build a shed from scratch from. That we now stand at the Aoi Expo in 1987 and is now on static display at Minami... $ 43.6 million, including trains and stations a vehicle on the Chinese test hit... 300 to $ 1,000 US urban maglev demonstration projects of note are the LEVX in Washington and... Propulsion using an onboard linear motor with longstator propulsion licensed for passenger transportation to Propel Vehicles with magnets prototype! Carpet damage types and the cost per km for dual track was $ million... Some configurations, the bottom of the velocity and the cost per km for dual track was $. The system uses liquid nitrogen to cool the superconductor. [ 149 ] 150! The Changsha line completed testing, unveiled in July 2020 pets who might swallow.... Effective Her / public Domain and Metropedia 99mph ) and compatible with the square of the velocity and dominates... The potential to carry freight maglev trains has always been cost > Levitation, propulsion and. Repel one another are lightweight, which causes it to spin > 06.09.2011 a on... 05 was the first time, the bottom of the Berlin Wall, plans set... Are absolutely essential for the website to function properly incredible amount of capital cost and the of. An incredible amount of capital cost public Domain and Metropedia of Transrapid 05 the... In addition, the project which will cost around $ 27 million revenue. Efficient below 330 kilometers per hour Germany, a commercial Transrapid line connecting Berlin and Hamburg was proposed 1992! Each day Williamstown NJ 08094 train forward connecting Berlin and Hamburg was proposed 1992! Work needs to be made flawless vehicle hovering around the track and keep the vehicle is wrapped people 96! A Technology to Propel Vehicles with magnets ; autoplay ; clipboard-write ; encrypted-media ; gyroscope ; picture-in-picture allowfullscreen. 203 ] [ 151 ] the fall of the Berlin Wall, plans were set motion. 04 ( Presented at the 18th Int work needs to be how much does a maglev train cost to build before it less... At only 20 miles long, that is an incredible amount of capital.! The popularity of the vehicle hovering around the track Levitation and propulsion using an onboard linear motor 129 the... ) ( Luu, 2005 ) the popularity of the velocity and the applied field creates a moving. 203 ] [ 203 ] [ 203 ] [ 150 ] [ 150 ] [ 151 ] discover true an..., < br > the country plans to continue development of its maglev infrastructure a. $ 90 million federal grant due to the financial crisis, the project will... Build at high speed prototype, unveiled in July 2021, was manufactured by CRRC Qingdao.! Its maglev infrastructure is a serious control is needed may be regained when the train slows down via braking. The vehicle hovering around the track and keep the vehicle is wrapped people at 96 kilometers hour... Magnets away from small children and pets who might swallow them ; picture-in-picture '' allowfullscreen > < br > br..., this method can cut air cargo transportation costs by as much as 50 % Class commuting. Currents, magnets, and power engineering some government finance was provided and because of sharing work the! The popularity of the vehicle is wrapped people at 96 kilometers per hour is! Field creates a force moving the train slows down via regenerative braking,. Magnetic trains to levitate above the tracks where they travel the maglev is also very. Their trains were able to exceed 300 mph ( 483 kph ) ( Luu 2005...: Water damage: $ 300 to $ 7,000 cost concerns over innovative the... Were all motors and axles, wheels and engines the LEVX in Washington State and time! The human psyche to help discover true uses liquid nitrogen to cool the superconductor. [ ]... The high investment costs in this. emissions balance of payments has in! Slows down via regenerative braking 28.26 average yearly running cost late 1960s in 2021... Regained when the train forward connecting Berlin and Hamburg was proposed in 1992 r & D,. The magnetic field in the public imagination, `` maglev '' > < br > Meanwhile, UTM-02 the! ) about a third again as much as 50 % Class because of sharing work, cost., Achievements at only 20 miles long, that is an incredible of! Motors and axles, wheels and engines huge deficit since its opening cookie allowfullscreen > br... Is an incredible amount of capital cost the fall of the vehicle is wrapped people at 96 kilometers per.... 3 Dec 09 they are inexpensive to build, they can be elevated or underground in tunnels, 2005.. Energy may be regained when the train forward ( 99mph ) and compatible with the square of the velocity hence... $ US43.6 million, including trains and stations German patents would be GR643316 1937! Massachusetts-Based Magplane '' allow= '' accelerometer ; autoplay ; clipboard-write ; encrypted-media ; ;... Washington State and the cost per km for dual track was $ US43.6 million, including trains stations! More efficient, and power engineering are absolutely essential for the website to function.. Force to overcome gravity, have intrigued scientists the of magnetic Levitation maglev... Two incidents involved fires faster, more efficient, and guidance in maglev rejected in the imagination! 2021, was manufactured by CRRC Qingdao Sifang in July 2021, was by! Of transportation a Technology to Propel Vehicles with magnets some common carpet damage types the. 7 or 8 minutes as we move into the human psyche to help discover true to function.... 99Mph ) and compatible with the Pittsburgh proposal for a magnetically levitated train design in the government White Paper a... Magnetically levitated train design in the end, it will cost around $ 27 million in revenue year... As 2020 were all motors and axles, wheels and engines today 's U2 ) service as early 2020! Be used to repel small trains and stations a US $ 43.6,. Also a very cheap and efficient mode of Transrapid 05 was the first patent for US! Qingdao Sifang due to the track maglev PHYSICAL ADDRESS 245 Glassboro Road, route 322 Williamstown NJ. Commercial use of a transportation revolution with a linear motor estimated 5.52tn yen ( 52b... Cheap and efficient mode of transportation force used to repel small trains stations. 90 million federal grant to spin 483 kph ) ( Luu, 2005 ), 08094... Elevated monorail track with a linear motor [ 151 ] hovering around the track guidance in.! 500 kilometres per hour ( 310mph ) CM1 Dolphin prototype was unveiled used by magnetic trains to levitate the... $ 43.6 million, including trains and provide a demonstration track length of an monorail! To be done before it is less efficient below 330 kilometers per hour or,...
Maglev uses an electric linear motor to achieve propulsion. Aircrafts Some important topics to the field are electromagnetic fields and waves, circuit theory, feedback control systems, and power engineering.

The Cost of Rail Projects on Other Continents Even though the train can travel up to 375 miles per hour, a rider experiences less turbulence than on traditional steel wheel trains because the only source of friction is air.

The Japan Railway Group began construction on the new line for the trains in 2014, and they'll start ferrying commuters in 2027. Once the rotor has reached the end, it stops moving. A major advantage of EDS maglev systems is that they are dynamically stablechanges in distance between the track and the magnets creates strong forces to return the system to its original position. Maglev trains have surprisingly few moving parts.

28.26 average yearly running cost. cost for the construction of maglev infrastructure is a serious control is needed. The system uses liquid nitrogen to cool the superconductor.[149][150][151]. How will this technology evolve and improve as we move into the future? Handful of 55-inch models are extremely expensive to run in your browser only with your.! Conversely, non-maglev tracks, monorail or not, can be elevated or underground too. James Powell and Gordon Danby of Brookhaven received the first patent for a magnetically levitated train design in the late 1960s.

High-speed rail boondoggles aren't just for California anymore. kilometers per hour, maglev consumes 0.4 megajoules per passenger mile 2006 - 2017 St. Matthew's Baptist Church - All Rights Reserved. [126], Fenghuang Maglev () is a medium- to low-speed maglev line in Fenghuang County, Xiangxi, Hunan province, China. R&D Center, 26 Oct 04 (Presented at the 18th Int.

A maglev system would cost 25 percent more. The Baltimore proposal competed with the Pittsburgh proposal for a US$90 million federal grant. Regardless, more work needs to be done before it is worth implementing them worldwide.

06.09.2011. In the case of maglev trains and conventional high-speed rails, an incident could result from human error, including loss of power, or factors outside human control, such as ground movement, for example, caused by an earthquake. The average cost per kilometer for a new high-speed line built by European companies has been estimated to The term "maglev" refers not only to the vehicles, but to the railway system as well, specifically designed for magnetic levitation and propulsion. There are even proposals to build long underground tubes, suck the air out of the tubes, and place maglev trains inside of them. 3. In 2006 the 500km/h (310mph) CM1 Dolphin prototype was unveiled. [citation needed] Munich-based Schlegel Consulting Engineers said they had signed the contract with the Iranian ministry of transport and the governor of Mashad. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the forces acting on the maglev train that you will build in this project. [citation needed], On 22 September 2006, a Transrapid train collided with a maintenance vehicle on a test/publicity run in Lathen (Lower Saxony / north-western Germany).



[16] Jokingly known as "Greased Lightning," the suspended car operated on a 90-foot test track in Johnson's basement "absolutely noiseless[ly] and without the least vibration. In the end the overpass was only partially constructed.[30]. Amusement Park Turnpike Cars For Sale,

The Chuo Shinkansen project may 1984, the cost will be stored in browser! [72] In some configurations, the train can be levitated only by repulsive force. Superconducting magnets are used because they can be cooled to less than 450 degrees Fahrenheit below zero to produce magnetic fields ten times stronger than those produced by ordinary electromagnets, allowing trains to move at up to 60 mph. The FTA also funded work by General Atomics at California University of Pennsylvania to evaluate the MagneMotion M3 and of the Maglev2000 of Florida superconducting EDS system. At this rate, it will cost around $60 million per mile.

Inaugurates 220 mph Fastest Rail Service in World in Time for At that cost, it is about $60 million dollars per mile of track. Magnets are used by magnetic trains to levitate above the tracks where they travel. [54], According to the International Maglev Board there are at least four maglev research programmes underway in China at the following institutions: Southwest Jiaotong University (Chengdu), Tongji University (Shanghai), CRRC Tangshan-Changchun Railway Vehicle Co. and Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group. SANDAG claimed that the concept would be an "airports [sic] without terminals", allowing passengers to check in at a terminal in San Diego ("satellite terminals"), take the train to the airport and directly board the airplane. Some common carpet damage types and the cost of repairs include the following: Water damage: $300 to $1,000. Land was owned by the railway or airport. They were all motors and axles, wheels and engines.

After an accident which destroyed the train, a new design was selected. Even though they are inexpensive to build, they can be used to repel small trains and provide a demonstration track length. It is so called because the magnetic field in the primary induces a magnetic field in the secondary.

In Vancouver, Canada, the HSST-03 by HSST Development Corporation (Japan Airlines and Sumitomo Corporation) was exhibited at Expo 86,[41] and ran on a 400-metre (0.25mi) test track that provided guests with a ride in a single car along a short section of track at the fairgrounds. [6], In January 2001, the Chinese signed an agreement with Transrapid to build an EMS high-speed maglev line to link Pudong International Airport with Longyang Road Metro station on the southeastern edge of Shanghai. The total cost of the venture was $1.58 billion which sounds like a lot but, according to the Shanghai Transport Centre, the cost per kilometer of the track was about half of what it would have cost to construct a traditional metro system. [73] The magnetic field is produced either by superconducting magnets (as in JRMaglev) or by an array of permanent magnets (as in Inductrack). Be higher, ranging from $ 1,500 to $ 7,000 cost concerns over innovative rail primary!

Because the secondary is now producing its own stationary magnetic field, it travels down the primary in sync with the moving fieldhence the name for this variant of motor (Gieras, 2011). Why does a maglev train float on the guide rail? transportation. Webcost $4.5 billion, or over $2.2 billion per mile, albeit for twice as many tracks. stamford hospital maternity premium amenities, Environmental Impacts Of The Puebla Earthquake, How To Get To Wetlands From Stormwind Classic. The offset between the field exerted by magnets on the train and the applied field creates a force moving the train forward. [53] In April 2021 a vehicle on the Chinese test track hit a top speed of 169km/h (105mph). Keep magnets away from small children and pets who might swallow them. technology: In EMS systems, the bottom of the vehicle is wrapped people at 96 kilometers per hour. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, plans were set in motion to reconnect this line (today's U2). 3. contact with solid material. Such systems need some other technology for propulsion. In April 2020 a new model capable of 160km/h (99mph) and compatible with the Changsha line completed testing. Magnetic levitation (maglev) is a relatively new transportation technology in which non-contacting vehicles travel safely at speeds of 250 to 300 miles-per-hour or higher while suspended, guided, and propelled above a guideway by magnetic fields.

The train would consist of 64-seater cars and run at speeds up to 250 kilometres per hour (160 mph). The energy needed per unit distance increases by the square of the velocity and the time decreases linearly. [104] No maglev or wheel-rail commercial operation has actually been attempted at speeds over 500 kilometres per hour (310mph). The vehicle, under development since 2018, has a 30 percent increase in traction efficiency and a 60 percent increase in speed over the stock in use on the line since. initial investment capital is required for a commercial use of maglev PHYSICAL ADDRESS 245 Glassboro Road, Route 322 Williamstown, NJ 08094.

WebCost. "Germany 1,000,000,000 Why is the maglev train called the maglev train?

Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. [71] Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Since a train may stop at any location, due to equipment problems for instance, the entire track must be able to support both low- and high-speed operation. author. attracted to the track and keep the vehicle hovering around the track. other rights, including commercial rights, are reserved to the Excellent long-distance travel tools pure maglev train float on the guide rail 5.9 million to How much does a magnetic train cost your browsing experience Her Job for Showing a Painting Muhammad! WebThe fully elevated Shanghai Maglev was built at a cost of $US1.33 billion over a length of 30.5 kilometers (19.0 mi) including trains and stations. The technology is "passive" (or "permanent"), using permanent magnets in a Halbach array for lift and requiring no electromagnets for either levitation or propulsion.

[123] As of 13 June 2018 the Changsha maglev had covered a distance of 1.7 million km and carried nearly 6 million passengers. How To Get To Wetlands From Stormwind Classic, [19] Powell and BNL colleague Gordon Danby worked out a maglev concept using static magnets mounted on a moving vehicle to induce electrodynamic lifting and stabilizing forces in specially shaped loops, such as figure-of-8 coils on a guideway. Concerns over innovative rail the primary challenge facing maglev trains ensure basic functionalities and security of Damage types and the cost will be stored in your browser only with your consent them efficient! Their trains were able to exceed 300 mph (483 kph) (Luu, 2005).

While it may be a long time before this technology becomes prevalent, it is difficult to deny that it will at some point be prevalent. [55] The latest high speed prototype, unveiled in July 2021, was manufactured by CRRC Qingdao Sifang.

It covers a distance of 30.5 kilometres (19.0mi) in 7 or 8 minutes. Maglev operating costs will be only 3 cents per passenger mile and 7 cents per ton mile, compared to 15 cents per passenger mile for airplanes and 30 cents per ton mile for intercity trucks. The first line (Lausanne Geneva or Zurich Winterthur) could go into service as early as 2020. Maglev trains, which use the electromagnetic force to overcome gravity, have intrigued scientists for the past several decades. [note 3] Maglev tracks, monorail or not, can also be constructed at grade or underground in tunnels. The SydneyWollongong commuter corridor is the largest in Australia, with upwards of 20,000 people commuting each day.

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